Chapter 7 Mindmap
Qimah | Shoug Alomran
Chapter 7:
Thinking, Language & Intelligence
Thinking, Language & Intelligence
Module 21: Thinking
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Cognitive Psychology
Study of higher mental processes
Thinking: Manipulating information
Language, memory, problem solving
Knowing, reasoning, judging
Decision making processes
Mental Images
Representations in mind of objects/events
All sensory modalities produce images
Properties of actual stimuli
Improves various skills
Used in athletic training
Concepts & Categorization
Concepts: Mental groupings of similar items
Organize complex phenomena
Prototypes: Typical examples
Cultural differences in prototypes
Example: Eating utensils vary by culture
Algorithms & Heuristics
Algorithms: Guarantee solution if applied correctly
Heuristics: May lead to solution or errors
Availability heuristic: Judge by ease of recall
Familiarity heuristic: Prefer familiar
Present bias: Weight current options more
Problem Solving Steps
1. Preparing to create solutions
2. Producing solutions
3. Evaluating solutions
Tower of Hanoi example
Solution Generation Strategies
Means-ends analysis: Consider ultimate goal
Break into steps toward resolution
Divide into subgoals
Insight: Sudden awareness of relationships
Wolfgang Köhler’s chimp studies
Impediments to Solutions
How problems are presented matters
Functional fixedness: Think only of typical use
Mental set: Solve based on past experience
Prevents seeing beyond constraints
Confirmation Bias
Interpret evidence as supportive
Rethinking takes extra cognitive effort
Give greater weight to supporting info
Less weight to contradictory info
Creativity & Problem Solving
Generate original ideas/novel solutions
Divergent thinking: Multiple responses
Cognitive complexity: Prefer elaborate
Convergent thinking: Single answer
Traditional IQ tests tap convergent
Module 22: Language
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Language Components
Phonemes: Basic sound units
Morphemes: Smallest meaning units
Grammar: Rules for combining words
Syntax: Word order rules
Semantics: Meaning of words/sentences
Language Development
Babbling phase (3-12 months)
One-word stage (10-13 months)
Two-word combinations (18-24 months)
Telegraphic speech
Overgeneralization of rules
Language Acquisition Theories
Learning theory: Reinforcement & imitation
Nativist approach: Innate capacity (Chomsky)
Universal grammar concept
Critical period hypothesis
Interactionist perspective
Module 23: Intelligence
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What Is Intelligence?
Capacity to understand the world
Think rationally
Use resources effectively
Face challenges
Traditional Intelligence Theories
g-factor: Single general mental ability
Fluid intelligence: Logic, abstract reasoning
Solve problems, find patterns
Crystallized intelligence: Accumulated knowledge
Facts and info in long-term memory
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Musical: Skills in music tasks
Bodily-kinesthetic: Physical skills
Logical-mathematical: Problem solving
Linguistic: Language production/use
Spatial: Visual-spatial configurations
Interpersonal: Interacting with others
Intrapersonal: Self-knowledge
Naturalist: Identify nature patterns
Sternberg’s Practical Intelligence
Overall success in living
Analytical: Traditional IQ problems
Creative: Generate novel ideas
Practical: Real-world application
Emotional Intelligence
Accurate assessment of emotions
Evaluation and expression of feelings
Regulation of emotions
Use emotions effectively
IQ Testing
Alfred Binet: First real IQ test
Mental age concept
IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) × 100
Average IQ = 100
Standard deviation = 15
Nature vs Nurture in Intelligence
No final answer on heredity vs environment
Both factors contribute
Focus: Maximize individual development
Enriched environments help
Better schooling important
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